ACTIVE NETWORKS:   
Active elements are the sources of energy it may be a current source(or)voltage source which supplies energy to the circuit.
These are classified as i) Ideal voltage source.
                                         ii)Practical voltage source.
                                        iii)Ideal current source.
                                        iv)Practical current source.
i)IDEAL VOLTAGE SOURCE:  Ideal voltage source is defined as the energy source which gives constant voltage across its terminals irrespective of the current drawn through its terminals. The symbol for ideal voltage source is shown in figure(a). This connected to the as shown in the figure(b)The value of voltage at load terminal remains same. This is identically Volt-Ampere characteristics.




Volt-Ampere characteristics:

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PRACTICAL VOLTAGE SOURCE:                                       
                                                           In practically voltage source as small internal resistance shown in series in voltage source as represented by "Rse" as shown in figure.

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Vs =Vse + VL
VL  = Vs - Vse
VL  = Vs - iRse


IDEAL CURRENT SOURCE:
                                                Ideal current source which gives constant current at its terminals irrespective  of the voltage appearing across its terminals. The symbol for "Ideal current source" is shown in figure(a),this is connected to the as shown in figure(b) at any time the value of the current flowing through the load is same this explained by the v-I characteristics as shown in figure(c)
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PRACTICAL CURRENT SOURCE:
                                                                           But practically every current source has high internal resistance shown in parallel with current source and is represented by Rsh .This is shown in figure. 

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